Physiological Collection (page 8)

Contour map of the brain, computer artwork. The contours on this map describe the uneven surface the cortex of the brain, shown here from the left side

Individual brain standing out from others, conceptual computer artwork

Astrocyte / neuron synapse in the brain
Astrocyte/neuron synapse in the brain. Artwork of a nerve cell (neuron, yellow) synapse in the brain with an associated regulatory astrocyte cell (red)

Bone resorption. Computer artwork of an osteoclast (green, bone-removing cell) destroying a piece of bone. This process, known as bone resorption

Skeleton from above, X-ray artwork
Skeleton. Computer X-ray artwork of a human skeleton viewed from above

Bone reabsorption, SEM
Bone reabsorption. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of reabsorption of bone by an osteoclast. The osteoclast is partially seen at upper left

Palm. Magnified section of palm, historical artwork. The external ridged surface is the cuticle, with the thin layer of skin below this known as the rete mucosum, or epidermis

Gut muscle cells, TEM
Gut muscle cells, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). Nuclei are pink. The involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle is responsible for peristalsis

Female pelvis, coloured 3-D CT scan
Female pelvis, coloured 3-D computed tomography (CT) scan. The upper part of each thigh bone (femur) is seen at each side of the pelvis, where they form the hip joints

Abdominal bones, 3-D CT scan
Abdominal bones, coloured 3-D computer tomography (CT) scan. The lower part of the ribcage is in upper frame, with the pelvis in lower frame. They are connected by the spine, which runs down centre

Smooth muscle, SEM
Smooth muscle. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of smooth muscle from the trachea (windpipe). Smooth muscle is not under voluntary control, unlike skeletal (striated) muscle

Female pelvis, coloured X-ray. The upper part of each thigh bone (femur) is seen at each side of the pelvis, where they form the hip joints

Magnified section of scalp, historical artwork. The external surface is the cuticle, with the layer of skin below this known as the rete mucosum, or epidermis

Dendritic cell, TEM
Dendritic cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through dendritic cells. These are part of the human immune system

Brain nausea reflex. Artwork of the location in the brain of the area responsible for the various nausea reflexes, and some of the causes

Fibrin mesh in a blood clot. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of fibrin fibres in a blood clot. When blood vessels become damaged

Blood vessel types, artwork
Blood vessel types. Artworks of the three types of blood vessels, from left: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are thick blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood around the body away from

Platelets in a blood clot. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of platelet cells (thrombocytes) in a blood clot. They are oval shaped

Vomiting reflex. Computer artwork of the vomiting reflex. The reflex starts when a message is sent to the vomiting centre of the brainstem (at base of brain, blue)

Irradiation illusion. The white square against a black background on the left appears to be larger than the black square against a white background on the right. They are actually the same size

Simultaneous contrast example. The green squares look brighter on the left, where they are in yellow bands, compared to the right, where they are in blue bands

Calcium channel blocker effect, artwork
Calcium channel blocker effect. Conceptual computer artwork of calcium ions (orange) controlling blood flow through the blood vessels (springs) of a human heart

Diuretic effect, computer artwork
Diuretic effect. Computer artwork of the effect of diuretics (grey barriers) on a renal tubule (red) inside the kidney. These tubules regulate the levels of chemicals such as sodium (orange)

Virtual human. Conceptual computer artwork of the head of a virtual human being. This could represent artificial intelligence, or the use of computers to model the human body

Electronic and biologic systems, artwork
Electronic and biological systems. Computer artwork showing a comparison between electronic and biological systems, showing similarities between the components at different levels of complexity

Space research. Computer artwork of two satellites in Earth orbit for biological research. A mouse is seen in one of the satellites

Swing trainer for cosmonauts
Swing trainer at the Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre in Russia. The chair spins to disorient the trainee cosmonaut in order to assess his ability to work in difficult environments

Centrifuge training for cosmonauts
Centrifuge training at the Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre in Russia. The centrifuge simulates the forces experienced due to acceleration at launch so that the cosmonaut can be assessed for his

Dislocated elbow, X-ray
Dislocated elbow. Coloured lateral X-ray of an injury to the elbow (centre) showing that the upper arm bone (humerus, top right) is misaligned (dislocated, turquoise)

Wound scab, SEM
Wound scab. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of keratinocytes (brown) lining a skin wound. Keratinocytes are skin cells that contain the protein keratin

Fertilisation, computer artwork. Sperm fertilising an egg

Fertility. Conceptual computer artwork of human sperm (male sex cells, white) as part of a board game. The dice and chance cards (left)

Kidney tubule cell, coloured SEM
Kidney tubule cell, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). This cell (brown) is covered in thin projections (microvilli) that serve to increase its surface area

Kidney tubules. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of proximal convoluted tubules (dark brown) in the kidney. The proximal convoluted tubules function to reabsorb water

Liver blood supply, SEM
Liver blood supply. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of several capillaries running through liver tissue. The functions of the liver include destroying old red blood cells

Liver cells, TEM
Liver cells. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of cells in a liver, showing their tessellating boundaries (red) and nuclei (beige). Magnification: x9000 when printed 10 centimetres wide

Goblet cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a goblet cell in the lining of the small intestine, part of the digestive tract

Human ear, computer artwork

Vision and the brain, MRI scan
Vision and the brain. Coloured Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of an axial section through the head of a 55 year old man, showing the eyes, optic nerves and brain

Diabetes mellitus, computer artwork. Diabetes is caused by low levels of the hormone insulin and resistance to insulin by the body cells

The iris of the eye
Iris. Computer-enhanced image of the blue/brown iris of a human eye. The iris is a ring of muscle fibres which contracts and relaxes to alter the light entering the eye through the pupil (black)

Iris. Computer-enhanced and coloured image of a human iris. The iris is a ring of muscle fibres. It contracts and relaxes to alter the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil (black)

Synapse, computer artwork
Synapses. Computer artwork of synapses, the junctions between the ends (blue, swollen) of two nerve cells (neurons). Nerve cells are responsible for passing information around the central nervous

Nerve support cell, SEM
Nerve support cell. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an oligodendrocyte cell. This cell forms the myelin sheaths around nerve fibres in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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"Exploring the Intricacies of Physiology: From Airpumps to Blood Cells" Delving into the world of physiology, we uncover a fascinating array of scientific discoveries and visual wonders. Joseph Wright's masterpiece, "The Airpump, " captures the essence of early physiological experiments, showcasing humanity's thirst for knowledge. Intricate synapse nerve junctions depicted through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveal the intricate communication network within our bodies. These microscopic connections enable seamless transmission of signals between neurons, shaping our thoughts and actions. Moving upwards to the head, we encounter an astonishing view of the muscular system. The complexity and precision required for even simple movements become apparent as ligaments intertwine with bones in perfect harmony. Venturing deeper into female physiology, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) reveals the uterus lining during menstruation. This glimpse into nature's cyclical process sheds light on one aspect of womanhood that has both fascinated and perplexed scientists throughout history. Stepping away from biology but still within the realm of physiology, lie detector tests emerge as tools to decipher truth from deception. By monitoring physiological responses such as heart rate and perspiration levels, these tests attempt to unravel hidden truths buried within our bodies. Returning to cellular structures through TEM imaging once again unveils rough endoplasmic reticulum - a vital component responsible for protein synthesis in cells. Its intricate web-like structure showcases nature's elegance at work. Tracing back centuries ago brings us to Descartes' optics theory from the 17th century - an exploration into how vision is perceived by our eyes and interpreted by our brains. This groundbreaking theory laid foundations for understanding human perception today. Transitioning towards physicality itself leads us to skeletons intertwined with ligaments - providing structural support while allowing flexibility in movement. These silent heroes ensure smooth locomotion throughout life's journey.