Enlightenment Collection

David Hume, Scottish philosopher
David Hume (1711-1776). Historical artwork of the Scottish enlightenment philosopher, historian and economist David Hume

Baruch Spinoza, caricature
Baruch Spinoza. Caricature of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677). Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophys most important philosophers

Portrait of Denis Diderot (1713-84) 1767 (oil on canvas)
XIR37016 Portrait of Denis Diderot (1713-84) 1767 (oil on canvas) by Loo, Louis Michel van (1707-71); 81x65 cm; Louvre, Paris, France; French, out of copyright

Moses by Michaelangelo
The Moses (c. 15131515) is a masterpiece of High Renaissance sculpture by the renowned artist Michelangelo Buonarroti, housed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome

Galileo and his daughter Maria Celeste
Galilei Galileo (1564-1642), Italian physicist and astronomer, being guided by his daughter Maria Celeste (1600-1634), a nun

Fisherman cycling along the beach near Bweju against dramatic sky, island of Zanzibar, Tanzania, East Africa, Africa

John Wesley / Electrical
JOHN WESLEY English religious leader, founder of Methodism : always interested in science, he is depicted observing an electrical experiment

The military campaigns led by the Byzantine Emperor Leon VI "The Wise"(866-912) against the Bulgarians in 894
AIS5344072 The military campaigns led by the Byzantine Emperor Leon VI " The Wise" (866-912) against the Bulgarians in 894, miniature from " Synopsis historiarum", c.1126-1150

Samuel Johnson (oil on canvas)
3664653 Samuel Johnson (oil on canvas) by Reynolds, Joshua (1723-92) (after); (add.info.: Dr Samuel Johnson (1709 - 1784); compiled first English dictionary; ); The Stapleton Collection; English

Seated sculpture of Voltaire (1694-1778) (marble) (b / w photo)
XIR233293 Seated sculpture of Voltaire (1694-1778) (marble) (b/w photo) by Houdon, Jean-Antoine (1741-1828); Comedie Francaise, Paris, France; French, out of copyright

Portrait Of John Derrington, 1750-1805. Creator: James Millar
Portrait Of John Derrington, 1750-1805. Dr John Derrington (1747-1805), Birmingham surgeon and apothecary

Truth, Leading the Sciences, Giving Light to Man, 1891 (mural)
XIR222489 Truth, Leading the Sciences, Giving Light to Man, 1891 (mural) by Besnard, Paul Albert (1849-1934); Mairie du 1er Arrondissement, Paris

Francois-Jean de Beauvoir, Marquis de Chastellux, from Gallery of Historical Portraits
KW327844 Francois-Jean de Beauvoir, Marquis de Chastellux, from Gallery of Historical Portraits, published c.1880 (litho) by English School

Thomas Paine (1737-1809). British-American author. Portrait
Thomas Paine (1737-1809). British-American author. Political activist, philosopher and revolutionary. Portrait. Engraving. History of the French Revolution. Volume I, 1876.

Nicolas de Condorcet (1743-1794). Marquis of Condorcet
Nicolas de Condorcet (Marie-Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat) (1743-1794). Marquis of Condorcet. French philosopher and mathematician. During the French Revolution he sided with the Girondins

ANTONIO PONZ (1725-1792) - GRABADO POR ANTONIO CARNICERO - 1793. Author: Manuel Salvador Carmona (1734-1820).

Joseph Goebbels greets a BDM girl, 1937 Joseph Goebbels greets a BDM girl, 1937

Round button with golden frame and blue Ashoka Chakra wheel inside of it

Chemist holding up a flask at a table in a laboratory. With mortar and pestle, flasks, pots, furnace and still

Species of walrus, manatee and seals
Arctic walrus or morse, Odobenus rosmarus 1, endangered West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus var

Critically endangered black rhino, Diceros bicornis 2. Copperplate engraving by J

Indian rhino, Rhinoceros unicornis 1. Copperplate engraving by J

Indian rhino and critically endangered black rhino
Indian rhino, Rhinoceros unicornis 1, and critically endangered black rhino, Diceros bicornis 2. Copperplate engraving by J

Species of porcupines and rodents
Crested porcupine, Hystrix cristata 1, Brazilian porcupine, Coendou prehensilis 2, North American porcupine, white var

Species of civet, mongoose, and coati
Large Indian civet or zibet, Viverra zibetha 1, Malagasy civet, fossane, or fanaloka, Fossa fossana 2, Egyptian mongoose or ichneumon, Herpestes ichneumon 3, South American coati, Nasua nasua 4

Species of opossum and kangaroo
North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana 1, yellow-bellied glider, Petaurus australis 2, Linnaeus's mouse opossum with young, Marmosa murina 3, and eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus

Wild ox of Scotland, bull, cow and calf, Bos taurus. White forest breed, Bos primigenius or Bos longifrons. Copperplate engraving by J

Endangered Indian elephant, Elephas maximus indicus 2. Bull elephant in foreground, with cow and calf under a palm tree behind. Copperplate engraving by J

Mythical creature sukotyro, Sukotyro indicus, from a drawing by Dutch traveller Johan Nieuhof 1. Copperplate engraving by J

Endangered Indian elephant and mythical creature sukotyro
Endangered Indian elephant, Elephas maximus indicus 2, and mythical creature sukotyro, Sukotyro indicus, from a drawing by Dutch traveller Johan Nieuhof 1. Copperplate engraving by J

Polar bear, Ursus maritimus, on an ice floe. Copperplate engraving by J

American black bear, glutton and badger
American black bear, Ursus americanus 1, glutton, Gulo gulo 3, and European badger, Meles meles 4. Copperplate engraving by J

American black bear, polar bear, glutton and badger
American black bear, Ursus americanus 1, polar bear, Ursus maritimus 2, glutton, Gulo gulo 3, and European badger, Meles meles 4. Copperplate engraving by J

Species of anteater, sloth, and platypus
Pale-throated sloth, Bradypus tridactylus 1, Linnaeus's two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus 2, silky anteater, Cyclopes didactylus 3, collared anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla 4, giant anteater

Species of bats and flying fox
Endangered large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus 1, long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus 2, Asian ghost bat, Megaderma spasma 3, greater bulldog bat, Noctilio leporinus 4 and faux vampire

Species of pangolin and armadillo
Critically endangered Chinese pangolin, Manis pentadactyla 1, vulnerable black-bellied pangolin, Manis tetradactyla 2, gualacate, Euphractus sexcinctus 3, nine-banded armadillo

Stick insect, praying mantis, cockroach, violin mantis, etc
Dragon stick insect, Diapherodes jamaicensis (Mantis bispinosa), praying mantis, Stagmatoptera precaria (Mantis precaria), oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, wandering violin mantis

Genera of Coleoptera beetles: Hispa 12 and Bruchus leaf beetles 13, Curculio 14 and Attelabus weevils 15, Cerambyx 16, Leptura 17 and Necydalis capricorn beetles 18, Lampyris glowworm 19

Species of ground beetles
Ground beetles: Agonum sexpunctatum 1, forest caterpillar hunter, Calosoma sycophanta 2, Carabus punctatus 3, Carabus auronitens 4, Nebria complanata 5, granulate ground beetle, Carabus granulatus 6

Species of water beetles
Great silver water beetle, Hydrophilus piceus 1, Dytiscus latissimus 2, Hydroporus marginatus 3, Graphoderus cinereus 4, Dytiscus caraboides 5, Acilius sulcatus 6, Laccophilus minutus 7

Harlequin beetle, long-horn beetle, etc
Cerambyx imperialis, Retrachydes thoracicus (Cerambyx thoracicus), harlequin beetle, Acrocinus longimanus (Prionus longimanus), Prionus unidentatus, longhorn beetle

Species of weevils
Species of weevil: Tournotaris bimaculata 1, South American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum 2, pecan gall curculio, Conotrachelus elegans 3, Cholus annulatus 4, Brazilian diamond beetle

Species of leaf beetles, asparagus beetles, sand beetles, etc
Leaf beetles, Cryptocephalus cordiger 1, Cry. variabilis 2, Cry. distinguendus 3, Cry

Species of leaf beetles
Pleasing fungus beetle, Erotylus giganteus 1, Chrysomela surinamensis 2, spotted willow leaf beetle, Chrysomela vigintipunctata 3, Phyllocharis cyanicornis 4, Phyllocharis cyanipes 5

Chief goliath and goliath beetle
Chief goliath, Goliathus cacicus, and goliath beetle, Goliathus goliatus. Goliathus coecicus, Goliathus magnus

Hercules, rhinoceros, dung, and scarab beetles
Hercules beetle, Dynastes hercules (Scarabeus hercules), rhinoceros beetle, Enema pan (S. chorinaeus), eastern hercules beetle, Dynastes tityus (S)

American pipe snake and slow worm
American pipe snake or false coral snake, Anilius scytale 1, 2, and slow worm, Anguis fragilis. Amphibia, Anguis, Coral, black banded, Jamaica, Anguis jamaiciensis, Anguis ater, Anguis coraline

Greater weever, Atlantic stargazer and dragonet fish
Greater weever, Trachinus draco 1, 2, Atlantic stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber 3, and common dragonet, Callionymus lyra 4, 5

Species of pomfret, tube-eye, hairtail, swordfish, etc
Pomfret, Pampus cinereus 1, black pomfret, Parastromateus niger 2, tube-eye or thread-tail, Stylephorus chordatus 3, largehead hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus 4, diaphanous hatchetfish

Species of hagfish and lamprey
Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa hag fish 1, 2, sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus 3, and river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis 4, juvenile under surface 5

Endangered devil fish, guitar fish and rays
Endangered devil fish, Mobula mobular 1, Madeiran ray, Raja clavata 2, endangered painted ray, Raja undulata 3, electric ray, Torpedo torpedo 4, and critically endangered guitarfish

Various species of sharks
Blue dog shark, Prionace glauca 1, dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula 2, critically endangered angelshark, Squatina squatina 3, smooth hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena 4, zebra shark

Species of sawfish, endangered sturgeon, and rabbit fish
Critically endangered largetooth sawfish, Pristis pristis 1, rabbit fish, Chimaera monstrosa 2, critically endangered Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio 3, endangered sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus 4

Lumpfish, angler fish and frogfish species
Lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus 1, Cornish sucker, Lepadogaster purpurea 2, common seasnail, Liparis liparis 3, frogfish, Antennarius species 4, angler fish, Histrio histrio 5, Brazilian batfish

Triggerfish and leatherjacket species
Queen triggerfish or old wife, Balistes vetula 1, rough triggerfish, Canthidermis maculata 2, lagoon triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus 3 and unicorn leatherjacket, Aluterus monoceros 4

Species of seadragon, seahorse, seamoth, etc
Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 1, greater pipefish, Syngnathus acus 2, seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus 3, seamoth, Eurypegasus draconis 4, long-tailed dragonfish, Pegasus volitans 5

Species of pufferfish, porcupinefish and burrfish
White spotted puffer, Arothron hispidus 1, ocellated puffer, Takifugu ocellatus 2, Nile puffer, Tetraodon lineatus 3, oceanic puffer, Lagocephalus lagocephalus 4, spot-fin porcupinefish

Trunkfish, cowfish and turretfish
Humpback turretfish, Tetrosomus gibbosus 1, smooth trunkfish, Lactophrys triqueter 2, shortnose boxfish, Rhynchostracion nasus 3, spotted trunkfish, Lactophrys bicaudalis 4, scrawled cowfish

Species of threadfin, gizzard shad, goldfish, etc
Paradise threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus 1, lesser African threadfin, Galeoides decadactylus 2, Chinese gizzard shad, Clupanodon thrissa 3, Bloch's gizzard shad, Nematalosa nasus 4, ziege

Species of mullet, smelt, flyingfish, etc
Mediterranean sand smelt, Atherina hepsetus 1, flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus 2, 3, tropical two-wing flyingfish, Exocoetus volitans 4, flyingfish, Cheilopogon exsiliens 5

Species of trumpetfish, garfish, ballyhoo, etc
Chinese trumpetfish, Aulostomus chinensis 1, cornetfish, Fistularia tabacaria 2, longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus 3, garfish, Belone belone 4, ballyhoo, Hemiramphus brasiliensis 5, ladyfish

Species of piranha, leporinus, lizardfish, etc
Tetra, Astyanax bimaculatus 1, banded leporinus, Leporinus fasciatus 2, greater lizardfish, Saurida tumbil 3, African pike characin, Hepsetus odoe 4, river hatchetfish, Gasteropelecus sternicla 5

Species of catfish, weatherfish and four-eyes
Bloch's catfish, Pimelodus blochii 1, Raphael catfish, Platydoras costatus 2, suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus 3, weatherfish, Misgurnus fossilis 4, largescale four-eyes

Species of bonito, cobia, leatherjacket and croaker
Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda 1, cobia, Rachycentron canadum 2, Castin leatherjacket, Oligoplites saliens 3, bar jack, Caranx ruber 4, and longtail croaker, Lonchurus lanceolatus 5

Species of snook, bass, stickleback, scad, etc
Common snook, Centropomus undecimalis 1, striped bass, Morone saxatilis 2, three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 3, southern roughy, Trachichthys australis 4, torpedo scad

Species of bass, hind, perch, etc
Cichlid, Crenicichla brasiliensis 1, striped bass, Morone saxatilis 2, spotted seabass, Dicentrarchus punctatus 3, red hind, Epinephelus guttatus 4, European perch, Perca fluviatilis 5

Parrotfish, seabass and shi drum species
Mediterranean parrotfish, Sparisoma cretense 1, European bass, Dicentrarchus labrax 2, 5, shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa 3, and spotted seabass, Dicentrarchus punctatus 4

Species of wrasse, gourami, leaffish, etc
Cuckoo wrasse, Labrus mixtus 1, three-spot gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus 2, black-eye thicklip wrasse, Hemigymnus melapterus 3, ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta 4, Guyana leaffish

Species of hogfish, eartheater, wrasse, snapper, etc
Spanish hogfish, Bodianus rufus 1, red-striped eartheater, Geophagus surinamensis 2, red-breasted wrasse, Cheilinus fasciatus 3, yellowtail snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus 4, annular sea bream

Topknot, angelfish, butterflyfish, batfish, etc
Common topknot, Zeugopterus punctatus 1, emperor angelfish, Pomacanthus imperator 2, sergeant major, Abudefduf saxatilis 3, gray angelfish, Pomacanthus arcuatus 4, copperband butterflyfish

Sole, plate fish, plaice, tongue fish, angelfish, etc
Sole, Zebrias zebra 1, plate fish, Bothus lunatus 2, European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa 3, tongue fish, Paraplagusia bilineata 4, bicolor angelfish, Centropyge bicolor 5

Scorpionfish, lionfish, pompano, etc
Red scorpionfish, Scorpaena scrofa 1, estuarine stonefish, Synanceia horrida 2, spotfin lionfish, Pterois antennata 3, African pompano, Alectis ciliaris 4, 5, and pugnose ponyfish

Species of mahi-mahi, bullhead, remora, goby, etc
Red bandfish, Cepola macrophthalma 1, common remora, Remora remora 2, sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus 3, mahi-mahi, Coryphaena hippurus 4, fivefinger wrasse, Iniistius pentadactylus 5

Species of cod, saithe, blenny and humphead fish
Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua 1, saithe, Pollachius virens 2, poor cod, Trisopterus minutus 3, oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau 4, butterfly blenny, Blennius ocellaris 5, and Indian humphead

Sperm whale, harbour porpoise and dolphin
Sperm whale or cachalot, Physeter macrocephalus 1, 2, harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena 3, and Atlantic dolphin, Delphinus delphis 4. Copperplate engraving by J

Narwhal, bowhead and fin whales
Narwhal, Monodon monoceros 1, bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus 2, and fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus 3. Copperplate engraving by J

Greater siren and olm
Greater siren or eel-shaped siren, Siren lacertina 1, and olm or anguina siren, Proteus anguinus, vulnerable

Species of skink, lizard and flying dragon
Common bluetongue, Tiliqua scincoides 1, cylindrical skink, Chalcides chalcides 2, European glass lizard, Pseudopus apodus 3, and flying dragon, Draco volans 4

Salamander, chamaeleon and other lizards
Fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra 1, tinos green lizard, Lacerta citrovittata 2, chamaeleon catching flies with its tongue, Chamaeleo chamaeleon 3, sand lizard

Species of frogs
Surinam toad with its young, Pipa pipa 1, giant monkey frog, Phyllomedusa bicolor 2, large fish-like tadpole of a paradoxical frog, Pseudis paradoxa 3, and European tree frog, Hyla arborea 4

Species of turtles and tortoises
Yellow-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulatus 1, European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis 2, endangered spotted turtle, Clemmys guttata 3, painted turtle, Chrysemys picta 4

Species of tarsier, lemur and loris
Spectral tarsier, Tarsius tarsier 1, endangered red slender loris, Loris tardigradus 2, 5, gray mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus 3, endangered ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta 4

Species of endangered orangutans, apes and marmosets
Critically endangered orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus or Pongo abelii 1, 3, endangered chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes 2, endangered lar gibbon, Hylobates lar 4, pigmy ape 5, endangered Barbary macaque

Royal antelope, bush duiker and white-tailed gnu
Royal antelope, Neotragus pygmaeus 3, bush duiker, Capra grimmia 4, and black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu, Connochaetes gnou 5. Copperplate engraving by J

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"Enlightenment: A Journey through Time and Ideas" Step into the world of enlightenment, where great minds like David Hume, the Scottish philosopher, challenged conventional wisdom and ignited intellectual revolutions. Their ideas sparked a fire that would forever change our understanding of the universe. Baruch Spinoza, depicted in a caricature, dared to question societal norms and religious dogmas. His radical thoughts paved the way for a more rational approach to life's mysteries. In Denis Diderot's portrait from 1767, we witness his tireless efforts as he compiled knowledge in the famous Encyclopédie. This masterpiece became a symbol itself – an embodiment of human progress. Moses by Michelangelo stands tall as a testament to artistic brilliance intertwined with spiritual awakening. Through this sculpture, we glimpse at how art can inspire profound introspection and contemplation. Galileo Galilei's bond with his daughter Maria Celeste reveals not only their love but also their shared pursuit of truth amidst adversity, and is within these familial connections that enlightenment finds its roots. John Derrington's portrait captures an era when scientific discoveries were flourishing. His gaze reflects curiosity and determination – qualities essential for embracing new ideas and expanding horizons. As a fisherman cycles along Zanzibar's beach against a dramatic sky, it reminds us that even ordinary moments can hold extraordinary revelations. Nature itself becomes our teacher on this journey towards enlightenment. The military campaigns led by Byzantine Emperor Leon VI "The Wise" demonstrate how knowledge extends beyond academia into practical realms. History teaches us valuable lessons about power dynamics and cultural exchange during times of conflict. Samuel Johnson's oil painting immortalizes him as one who sought intellectual freedom through language mastery. His dictionary became both an instrument for communication and liberation from ignorance. Voltaire sits stoically in marble form – his seated sculpture capturing his unwavering commitment to reason over superstition or prejudice. His legacy as a champion of free thought remains an inspiration to this day.