1683 Collection (page 9)

Nicolaes Pietersz Berchem, Set of Sheep [plate 6], Dutch, 1620-1683, 1590-1690

Melchior Kusel after Johann Wilhelm Baur (German, 1626-1683), Tyrolean Landscape, 1681, etching

SIEGE OF VIENNA, 1683. Forces commanded by Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, and John III Sobieski, King of Poland, drive back the Turkish armies besieging Vienna in 1683

LONDON: FROST FAIR, 1684. View from the middle of the frozen Thames River of the Frost Fair held on the river during the severe winter of 1683-84. London is on the left and Southwark on the right

SYDENHAM: TRACTATUS, 1683. Title page of the first edition of Thomas Sydenham s
SYDENHAM: TRACTATUS, 1683. Title page of the first edition of Thomas Sydenhams Tractus de Podagra, London, England, 1683

INCREASE MATHER (1639-1723). American clergyman. Title-page of a discourse on comets by Increase Mather published at Boston, Massachusetts, 1683

FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS (1651-?1720). American lawyer and colonizer. Francis Daniel Pastorius and the immigrants from Krefeld who founded the first German settlement in America at Germantown

DUKE OF MONMOUTH. James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685). Claimant to English throne and leader of rebellion. Canvas after William Wissing, c1683

FISHING FLEET, 1683. Late 17th century fishing fleet on the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Copper engraving, French, 1683

QUEEN ANNE OF ENGLAND (1665-1714). Queen of England, 1702-1714. Canvas, c1683, by William Wissing

Crowd In Street
July 1915: A crowd in a street in Shoreditch in east London in front of a gutted house which was hit during a zeppelin raid. (Photo by Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)

King John III Sobieski Monument in Warsaw, Poland - erected to celebrate his victory over the Ottoman Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna. Date: circa 1950s

Blast furnaces. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt of 1580. Copperplate engraving

Refining copper by Hungarian process. Cupellation cakes roasted, releasing heat. At 5: lead obtained being smelted. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten

Assayer testing samples of gold and silver. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertszt of 1580. Copperplate engraving

Frost Fair on the Thames at London 1683. Facsimile of a contemporary print

Auto-da-fe on Plaza Mayor, Madrid 1683 Oil on canvas

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins. Copper melted (1) while apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water. When copper poured on twigs it forms grains

Title page of John Wilkins A Discourse Concerning a New World & Another Planet London 1683 (Ist edition 1640) Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler represented in bottom corners

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry : 2) side chambers containing reagents: 3) glass receivers

Crystallization of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods)

Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation. This furnace is gravity-fed and self-stoking. From 1683 English edition of Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen

Distillation of Nitric Acid. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Production of Salpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Checking the quality of Saltpetre (Nitre, Potassium Nitrate, or KN03). Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment. 1, Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature. 2, 2

Frederick William (1620-1688) Elector of Brandenburg from 1640, known as the Great Elector. After engraving of 1683 by Antoine Masson

Map of Barbados, 1683. British Museum

Washing ore to extract gold. Water fed into sieve (2) containing ore. Muddy solution fed along wooden collecting troughs, often lined with dark woollen cloth: gold separated out on the way

Auto de Fe, painted by Francisco Ricci in 1683. A scene in the Plaza Mayor, Madrid, 30 June, 1680, during the Spanish Inquisition

The Battle of Vienna, September 12, 1683, The Battle took place after Vienna was besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle halted the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe

Battle of Vienna 1683. A coalition of forces halted the advance of the Ottoman Turks who had besieged Vienna for two months

Illustration showing a view of Augsburg, Germany with the comets of 1680, 1682, and 1683 in the sky

Assay laboratory for gold and silver. 1) Furnace: 2) Sheet of iron onto which assays are poured: 3) Parting flask: 5) Assay by water displacement

Purification of silver in a muffle furnace. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in Prague in 1574

Refining gold: furnaces, 2, 2, and operator, 9. The man near 4 is gradually heating a crucible surrounded by a ring of burning coals: to increase the heat coals were be raked into a smaller circle

Assay laboratory with various forms of furnace including and athanor or Slow Harry, 7, self-stoking furnace for cementation, 9, and barrel-shaped furnace, 3

Roasting gold ore in order to recover the precious metal. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in

Assaying of silver: 1&3, moulds for making cupels: 2&4, the cupels: 8, man moulding cupels. From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und

Refining of silver, showing (2) a test put into the furnace and (3) burning the silver in a test. A test warming (8) and a roaster for making burnt silver dry (9)

Assaying copper: Furnaces (1, 4), ore (3), bellows (5), and aeolipile (6) to supply draught to furnaces. Pot in which flux is prepared (8)

Recovery of gold from amalgum. 7) chamois leather bag for separating amalgum from excess mercury. 6) Operator with wooden pestel and mortar for purifying mercury with salt

Assaying copper and lead: prepared and weighed ore (1) and assay oven (2). From 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten

Assaying: Various muffles used in assay ovens for assaying gold and silver 1, 2, 3: 4, 5, 6, stopples, bottom plates and covers: 7, wooden mould for forming muffles: 11, 12

Smelting copper. From a 1683 English edition of Lazarus Ercker Beschreibung allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten originally published in Prague in 1574. Copperplate engraving

Rachel, Lady Russell (1636-1723), born Rachel Wriothesley, wife of William, Lord Russell the patriot, English Whig statesman

REMAINS OF SHELTON HALL, THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE POET FENTON, in Shelton and Hardwick parish, England. Elijah Fenton (1683 1730), an English poet, biographer and translator

Geometria by Rene Descartes, 1639 C015 / 5575
Geometria by Rene Descartes. This work, by the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes (1596-1650), was published in 1637 as an appendix to his earlier work Discourse on Method

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In the year 1683, a fascinating blend of art, history, and innovation unfolded. Jan Davidsz. De Heem's masterpiece "Still Life with Flowers in a Glass Vase" showcased the beauty of nature frozen in time, capturing the essence of life itself. Meanwhile, Pauline Baynes depicted an extraordinary event - the Frost Fair on the Thames - where Londoners turned their frozen river into a bustling marketplace. Amidst these artistic wonders, Thomas Holme unveiled his engraved plan of Philadelphia, offering a glimpse into the birth of one of America's most iconic cities. John Owen emerged as an influential churchman during this era, shaping religious discourse and beliefs. On another note entirely, George II took center stage alongside talented players in what must have been an enthralling performance - perhaps showcasing Shakespearean classics or captivating new works. The Map of Peru by Mallet provided explorers with valuable insights into uncharted territories while Valentine Greatrakes delved into healing practices that captivated many. However, it was not just art and culture that defined 1683; significant historical events also unfolded. The Ottoman Empire suffered defeat at Vienna's hands – marking a turning point in European history and shifting power dynamics across continents. Even amidst all this excitement and progress came Jan Griffier the Elder's depiction of yet another Frost Fair on the Thames – reminding us how nature can both inspire awe-inspiring creations and disrupt daily life simultaneously. And let us not forget about innovation. In 1683, inventors sought to unlock perpetual motion through their machines – pushing boundaries and challenging scientific understanding. Ultimately though it was King George II who reigned over this vibrant year filled with creativity and discovery – leaving his mark on history as he navigated political landscapes both within Britain and beyond its shores. Thus we find ourselves transported back to 1683.